The first settlement at Siena was established at the time of the Etruscans, when the city was known as Sena Etruria. It subsequently became a Roman colony under the name of Sena Julia. This magnificent city, situated in the heart of Tuscany, has retained its medieval fabric, surrounded by city walls with fourteenth century gates. It was in fact during the Middle Ages that Siena reached the pinnacle of its splendour. Ruled first by the Longobards and subsequently by the Carolingians, the city experienced a long period of episcopal rule, between the 9th and 12th centuries, subsequently becoming an independent municipality in 1147. The Guelf period was a time of peace, during which its most notable monuments were built. However, battles with Florence resumed until 1555, when Siena was conquered by the Florentines, becoming part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with which its history was interwoven until the unification of Italy.
The city's most characteristic cultural event is undoubtedly the Palio, which involves Siena's seventeen contrade or districts twice a year. This Palio celebrates a very ancient tradition and is accompanied by picturesque and historical processions. But there are other events to experience as well. Cinema lovers can take part in two annual events: the Visionaria Videofestival and the Festival internazionale del cortometraggio (international short film festival). If you prefer theatre, there is a choice of performances at the Teatro dei Rozzi and the Teatro dei Rinnovati.